Flutter setup for Mac

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install flutter

  • setup for flutter
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# add directory development
mkdir development

# move flutter to ~/development

# If it exists, open the Zsh environmental variable file ~/.zshenv in your text editor. If it doesn't, create ~/.zshenv.
# Copy the following line and paste it at the end of your ~/.zshenv file.
export PATH=$HOME/development/flutter/bin:$PATH

# open new terminal, check flutter
flutter --version
# check install list
flutter doctor

Android Studio

Setting

Setting Emulator mode

Homebrew install

  1. install by brew

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    # 使用 Homebrew 安裝
    brew install --cask android-studio

  2. check flutter 

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    gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro ~ % flutter doctor                   
    Doctor summary (to see all details, run flutter doctor -v):
    [✓] Flutter (Channel stable, 3.29.1, on macOS 15.3 24D60 darwin-arm64, locale
        zh-Hant-TW)
    [✗] Android toolchain - develop for Android devices
        ✗ Unable to locate Android SDK.
          Install Android Studio from:
          https://developer.android.com/studio/index.html
          On first launch it will assist you in installing the Android SDK
          components.
          (or visit https://flutter.dev/to/macos-android-setup for detailed
          instructions).
          If the Android SDK has been installed to a custom location, please use
          `flutter config --android-sdk` to update to that location.

    [✓] Xcode - develop for iOS and macOS (Xcode 16.2)
    [✓] Chrome - develop for the web
    [✓] Android Studio (version 2024.3)
    [✓] VS Code (version 1.97.2)
    [✓] Connected device (3 available)
    [✓] Network resources

    ! Doctor found issues in 1 category.

  3. install Android sdk
    Android Studio -> Settings -> Langues & Frameworks -> Android SDK –> Edit then “next run…”
    or
    Android Studio -> Tool -> SDK manager

  4. 修正 Android 其他問題

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    # 缺少 cmdline-tools： cmdline-tools 組件缺失，需要安裝。你可以執行以下命令來安裝它：
    #
    # install by Android Studio
    # Android Studio -> Tools -> SDK manager -> SDK Tools -> Android SDK Command-line Tool(latest)

    # Android 許可狀態未知： 你需要接受 Android SDK 許可協議。可以透過執行以下命令來接受：
    flutter doctor --android-licenses

    # test
    flutter doctor

    # flutter config --android-sdk "/Applications/Android Studio.app/Contents"

Homebrew install –> remove

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brew uninstall android-studio

download install

  1. download Android Studio

  2. insatll and setup

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    # 不加入之前設定
    # select - Do not importtings

    # Install Type - Standard

  3. 修正 Android 問題

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    flutter doctor
      [!] Android toolchain - develop for Android devices (Android SDK version 35.0.0)
          ✗ cmdline-tools component is missing
            Run `path/to/sdkmanager --install "cmdline-tools;latest"`
            See https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line for more details.
          ✗ Android license status unknown.
            Run `flutter doctor --android-licenses` to accept the SDK licenses.
            See https://flutter.dev/to/macos-android-setup for more details.
    # 缺少 cmdline-tools： cmdline-tools 組件缺失，需要安裝。你可以執行以下命令來安裝它：
    #
    # install by Android Studio
    # Android Studio -> Tools -> SDK manager -> SDK Tools -> Android SDK Command-line Tool(latest)

    # Android 許可狀態未知： 你需要接受 Android SDK 許可協議。可以透過執行以下命令來接受：
    flutter doctor --android-licenses

    # test
    flutter doctor

download install –> remove

  1. 關閉 Android Studio
  2. Finder，進入 /Applications/
  3. Android Studio.app
  4. Library 相關資料：
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    rm -rf ~/Library/Preferences/AndroidStudio*
    rm -rf ~/Library/Application Support/AndroidStudio*
    rm -rf ~/Library/Logs/AndroidStudio*
    rm -rf ~/Library/Caches/AndroidStudio*
  5. SDK（如果要完全重新安裝）：
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    rm -rf ~/Library/Android
    rm -rf ~/.android
  6. Gradle 設定（如果要完全重置）：
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    rm -rf ~/.gradle
      or
    sudo rm -rf ~/.gradle

simple test(Android)

  • Run Android studio
  • New Flutter Projevt
  • Project name modify
  • select: Android + iOS
  • select device management
  • create virtual device
  • Select device(create previous)
  • run main.dart

simple test(iOS-need install Xcode and CocoaPods complete)

  • Run Android studio
  • Select device(open iOS simulator)
  • Select device(select iPhone open)
  • run main.dart

Xcode

install

  • install from app store
  • select mac OS 15.0, iSI 18.0, predictive Code Completion Model
  • 若 install 有失敗, Xcode -> Settings 選擇需安裝項目繼續安裝

設定 Xcode

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# set path
sudo xcode-select --switch /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer
# 首次啟動設置
sudo xcodebuild -runFirstLaunch

安裝 CocoaPods

install(等很久不知是否執行)

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# install
sudo gem install cocoapods
# check
pod --version

clone 再安裝

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# clone 較容易看到進度
git clone https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/git/CocoaPods/Specs.git ~/.cocoapods/repos/trunk

# 需安裝 ruby
ruby --version
# 未安裝,如下安裝 
brew install ruby
# 確認 CocoaPods 是否已正確安裝：
pod --version

# install
sudo gem install cocoapods

修正安裝問題

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flutter doctor
  [!] Android toolchain - develop for Android devices (Android SDK version 35.0.0)
      ✗ cmdline-tools component is missing
        Run `path/to/sdkmanager --install "cmdline-tools;latest"`
        See https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line for more details.
      ✗ Android license status unknown.
        Run `flutter doctor --android-licenses` to accept the SDK licenses.
        See https://flutter.dev/to/macos-android-setup for more details.
  [!] Xcode - develop for iOS and macOS (Xcode 16.2)
      ✗ CocoaPods not installed.
          CocoaPods is a package manager for iOS or macOS platform code.
          Without CocoaPods, plugins will not work on iOS or macOS.
          For more info, see https://flutter.dev/to/platform-plugins
        For installation instructions, see
        https://guides.cocoapods.org/using/getting-started.html#installation

gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro ~ % ruby --version
  ruby 2.6.10p210 (2022-04-12 revision 67958) [universal.arm64e-darwin24]

gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro ~ % sudo gem install cocoapods
Password:
ERROR:  Error installing cocoapods:
	The last version of activesupport (>= 5.0, < 8) to support your Ruby & RubyGems was 6.1.7.10. Try installing it with `gem install activesupport -v 6.1.7.10` and then running the current command again
	activesupport requires Ruby version >= 3.1.0. The current ruby version is 2.6.10.210.

# 安裝或更新 Homebrew
/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"
brew update

gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro ~ % brew --version
  Homebrew 4.4.13

# 使用 Homebrew 安裝最新版本的 Ruby
# brew install ruby
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro ~ % brew install ruby
Warning: ruby 3.4.1 is already installed and up-to-date.
To reinstall 3.4.1, run:
  brew reinstall ruby

# check 設定
# ~/.zshrc（預設 zsh）
# export PATH="/opt/homebrew/bin:$PATH"

# 加載配置
source ~/.zshrc

# 重新執行安裝命令 CocoaPods
sudo gem install cocoapods

# error 
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro ~ % sudo gem install cocoapods
Password:
ERROR:  Error installing cocoapods:
	The last version of activesupport (>= 5.0, < 8) to support your Ruby & RubyGems was 6.1.7.10. Try installing it with `gem install activesupport -v 6.1.7.10` and then running the current command again
	activesupport requires Ruby version >= 3.1.0. The current ruby version is 2.6.10.210.

# 問題仍然是由於 Ruby 的版本過低導致的。下面是更詳細的解決步驟，確保你能順利升級 Ruby 並安裝 CocoaPods。

# 使用 rbenv 升級 Ruby
# rbenv 是一個管理多個 Ruby 版本的工具，建議使用它來安裝和管理 Ruby。
# 安裝 rbenv 和 ruby-build
brew install rbenv ruby-build

# 添加 rbenv 到環境變數
# 編輯你的 Shell 配置檔案 ~/.zshrc
export PATH="$HOME/.rbenv/bin:$PATH"
eval "$(rbenv init -)"

# 執行
source ~/.zshrc 

# 確認 rbenv 是否已正確安裝：
rbenv -v
  rbenv 1.3.0

# 安裝 Ruby 3.1 或更新版本
# 使用 rbenv 安裝 Ruby：
rbenv install 3.2.2
rbenv global 3.2.2
# check version
ruby --version
  ruby 2.6.10p210 (2022-04-12 revision 67958) [universal.arm64e-darwin24]

# 你的問題是因為即使安裝了 Ruby 3.2.2，你的終端仍在使用系統自帶的 Ruby 2.6.10。這通常是因為 rbenv 沒有正確配置或生效。

# 確認 rbenv 已正確安裝
# 檢查 rbenv 是否已被加到環境變數中：
echo $PATH
  /Users/gaoyiping/.rbenv/shims:/Users/gaoyiping/.rbenv/bin:/opt/homebrew/opt/ruby:/opt/homebrew/Cellar/pyenv-virtualenv/1.2.4/shims:/Users/gaoyiping/.pyenv/shims:/Users/gaoyiping/.pyenv/bin:/opt/homebrew/bin:/opt/homebrew/opt/ruby:/opt/homebrew/Cellar/pyenv-virtualenv/1.2.4/shims:/Users/gaoyiping/.pyenv/bin:/opt/homebrew/bin:/opt/homebrew/Cellar/pyenv-virtualenv/1.2.4/shims:/Users/gaoyiping/.pyenv/bin:/opt/homebrew/bin:/usr/local/bin:/System/Cryptexes/App/usr/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/local/bin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/bin:/var/run/com.apple.security.cryptexd/codex.system/bootstrap/usr/appleinternal/bin:/Library/Apple/usr/bin:/Users/gaoyiping/development/flutter/bin

# 確保輸出中有類似以下的路徑：
# /Users/gaoyiping/.rbenv/bin

# 確認 Ruby 版本
# 再次檢查目前正在使用的 Ruby 版本：
rbenv versions
    system
  * 3.2.2 (set by /Users/gaoyiping/.rbenv/version)
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro ~ % ruby --version
  ruby 2.6.10p210 (2022-04-12 revision 67958) [universal.arm64e-darwin24]

# 刪除系統 Ruby 緩存
# 如果步驟 2 完成後還是無法正確使用，嘗試刪除舊的 Ruby 緩存：
hash -r
# 然後再次檢查：
ruby --version
  ruby 3.2.2 (2023-03-30 revision e51014f9c0) [arm64-darwin24]

# 重試 CocoaPods 安裝
# 如果 Ruby 已經成功切換到 3.2.2，現在可以嘗試安裝 CocoaPods：
sudo gem install cocoapods

# test
flutter doctor
  [!] Android toolchain - develop for Android devices (Android SDK version 35.0.0)
      ✗ cmdline-tools component is missing
        Run `path/to/sdkmanager --install "cmdline-tools;latest"`
        See https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line for more details.
      ✗ Android license status unknown.
        Run `flutter doctor --android-licenses` to accept the SDK licenses.
        See https://flutter.dev/to/macos-android-setup for more details.
  [✓] Xcode - develop for iOS and macOS (Xcode 16.2)

Run iOS simulator

  1. In Xcode, go to Open Developer Tool > Simulator

  2. Search for “Simulator” in Spotlight

  3. open by VsCode or Android Studio

Vs Code

command

  • Cmd+Shift+P

flutter special

  • Widget Wrap select : Control + Shift + R (click Right -> Refactor)

add Extension

  • Flutter
  • Flutter Widget Snippets
  • Awesome Flutter Snippets

some option setting

change icon

generate icon

App icon Generator

replace icon - android(remove and move)
replace icon - iOS(remove and move)
stop -> run

run on Android Physical Device

無線偵錯

  • 設定 -> 開發人員選項 -> 無線偵錯 -> 使用配對碼配對裝置(show 配對碼,IP,通訊埠)

  • run adb link

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    adb pair 192.168.18.8:41133
      Enter pairing code: 970068
      Successfully paired to 192.168.18.8:41133 [guid=adb-RFCR10MGBFR-gLb6Jb]

  • 若 adb 未設定 path,如下設定

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    # add adb path
    ls ~/Library/Android/sdk/platform-tools
      NOTICE.txt		lib64			package.xml
      adb			make_f2fs		source.properties
      etc1tool		make_f2fs_casefold	sqlite3
      fastboot		mke2fs
      hprof-conv		mke2fs.conf
    adb version
      zsh: command not found: adb
    nano ~/.zshrc
    # 添加如下內容
    export PATH=$PATH:~/Library/Android/sdk/platform-tools/
    # 執行
    source ~/.zshrc
    adb version

    # 測試 adb
    adb devices
      List of devices attached
      emulator-5554	device

  • select device 點選連接手機 -> run “main.dart”
    手機可看到執行

  • device manager 點選 Start Mirroring 可在 Mac 看到手機畫面

  • device manager 點選 Stop Mirroring 可在 Mac 上畫面消失

  • 斷開手機
    手機無線偵錯 disable

USB 偵錯

  • 使用 USB 連接
  • 設定 -> 開發人員選項 -> USB 偵錯
  • …

flutter Map

flutter

flutter upgrade

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flutter upgrade
Upgrading Flutter to 3.29.0 from 3.27.1 in
/Users/gaoyiping/development/flutter...
Downloading Darwin arm64 Dart SDK from Flutter engine f73bfc4522dd0bc87bbcdb4bb3088082755c5e87...
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed

  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0
  0  205M    0  488k    0     0   496k      0  0:07:03 --:--:--  0:07:03  495k
  1  205M    1 3296k    0     0  1662k      0  0:02:06  0:00:01  0:02:05 1662k
  2  205M    2 6013k    0     0  2008k      0  0:01:44  0:00:02  0:01:42 2007k
  ...

Downloading darwin-arm64/font-subset tools...                    1,020ms

Flutter 3.29.0 • channel stable • https://github.com/flutter/flutter.git
Framework • revision 35c388afb5 (5 天前) • 2025-02-10 12:48:41 -0800
Engine • revision f73bfc4522
Tools • Dart 3.7.0 • DevTools 2.42.2

Running flutter doctor...
Doctor summary (to see all details, run flutter doctor -v):
[✓] Flutter (Channel stable, 3.29.0, on macOS 15.3 24D60 darwin-arm64, locale zh-Hant-TW)
[✓] Android toolchain - develop for Android devices (Android SDK version 35.0.0)
[✓] Xcode - develop for iOS and macOS (Xcode 16.2)
[✓] Chrome - develop for the web
[✓] Android Studio (version 2024.2)
[✓] VS Code (version 1.97.0)
[✓] Connected device (3 available)
[✓] Network resources

• No issues found!

create fulutter project

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# create flutter project goo_mood(content include Android, iOS, web..)  
flutter create go_mood

flutter clean

清除 Flutter 專案的暫存檔案與建置快取
當 Flutter 專案出現異常（如編譯錯誤、舊版檔案未更新等）時，這個指令可以幫助重建環境。
主要清除的項目：

  • build/ 資料夾（編譯產物）
  • .dart_tool/（Flutter 相關工具產生的暫存檔）
  • .packages（舊版 Dart 相依性資訊）
  • iOS 與 Android 的 Generated.xcconfig、Gradle build 產物

使用時機：

  • 修改 Flutter 原生代碼（Android 或 iOS）後，變更未生效
  • flutter run 或 flutter build 遇到奇怪的錯誤
  • 套件更新後，出現 相依性錯誤 或 不相容問題
  • 執行完 flutter clean 之後，通常需要重新下載套件：flutter pub get

flutter pub get

下載並安裝 pubspec.yaml 中的相依性套件
這個指令會讀取 pubspec.yaml 檔案，然後下載並安裝所有 Flutter & Dart 的相依性套件，並將資訊寫入 pubspec.lock。
主要影響的檔案：

  • 下載 pubspec.yaml 中定義的所有套件
  • 產生 pubspec.lock（鎖定的相依性版本）
  • 建立 .dart_tool/ 快取資料夾

使用時機：

  • 新增或修改 pubspec.yaml 的相依性 後，需要下載新套件
  • flutter clean 之後，需要重新取得所有套件
  • 團隊合作時，拉取新代碼後 需確保本地相依性與 pubspec.lock 相符

flutter pub outdated

檢查相依性套件是否有新版本
這個指令會比對當前專案安裝的套件版本 (pubspec.lock) 與 最新可用版本，並顯示哪些套件需要更新。

  • Current：目前安裝的版本（來自 pubspec.lock）
  • Upgradable：可以更新的版本（符合 pubspec.yaml 的版本範圍）
  • Resolvable：如果放寬 pubspec.yaml 限制，可以安裝的最高版本
  • Latest：目前可用的最新版本
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flutter pub outdated                                                 
  Changing current working directory to: /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter-bootcamp-udemy/taskly
  Showing outdated packages.
  [*] indicates versions that are not the latest available.

  Package Name              Current  Upgradable  Resolvable  Latest  

  direct dependencies: all up-to-date.

  dev_dependencies: all up-to-date.

  transitive dependencies: 
  material_color_utilities  *0.11.1  *0.11.1     *0.11.1     0.12.0  

  transitive dev_dependencies:
  async                     *2.12.0  *2.12.0     *2.12.0     2.13.0  
  fake_async                *1.3.2   *1.3.2      *1.3.2      1.3.3   
  leak_tracker              *10.0.8  *10.0.8     *10.0.8     10.0.9  
  vm_service                *14.3.1  *14.3.1     *14.3.1     15.0.0  
  all dependencies are up-to-date.

Tools

Java

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# install java
brew install openjdk@17
    ==> Downloading https://formulae.brew.sh/api/formula.jws.json
    ==> Downloading https://formulae.brew.sh/api/cask.jws.json
    ==> Downloading https://ghcr.io/v2/homebrew/core/openjdk/17/manifests/17.0.14-1
    ######################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################### 100.0%
    ==> Fetching openjdk@17
    ==> Downloading https://ghcr.io/v2/homebrew/core/openjdk/17/blobs/sha256:ad49acafe0bbbd4e5459f386239fb2dc44171965d69a5071e4d403f14ea61a2f
    ######################################################################################################################################################################################################################################################### 100.0%
    ==> Pouring openjdk@17--17.0.14.arm64_sequoia.bottle.1.tar.gz
    ==> Caveats
    For the system Java wrappers to find this JDK, symlink it with
      sudo ln -sfn /opt/homebrew/opt/openjdk@17/libexec/openjdk.jdk /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/openjdk-17.jdk

    openjdk@17 is keg-only, which means it was not symlinked into /opt/homebrew,
    because this is an alternate version of another formula.

    If you need to have openjdk@17 first in your PATH, run:
      echo 'export PATH="/opt/homebrew/opt/openjdk@17/bin:$PATH"' >> /Users/gaoyiping/.zshrc

    For compilers to find openjdk@17 you may need to set:
      export CPPFLAGS="-I/opt/homebrew/opt/openjdk@17/include"
    ==> Summary
    🍺  /opt/homebrew/Cellar/openjdk@17/17.0.14: 636 files, 304.2MB
    ==> Running `brew cleanup openjdk@17`...
    Disable this behaviour by setting HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP.
    Hide these hints with HOMEBREW_NO_ENV_HINTS (see `man brew`).

# set env
echo 'export PATH="/opt/homebrew/opt/openjdk@17/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.zshrc
echo 'export CPPFLAGS="-I/opt/homebrew/opt/openjdk@17/include"' >> ~/.zshrc
source ~/.zshrc

# show java version
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % java -version
    openjdk version "17.0.14" 2025-01-21
    OpenJDK Runtime Environment Homebrew (build 17.0.14+0)
    OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM Homebrew (build 17.0.14+0, mixed mode, sharing)

Gradle and Gradlew

add dumpVersion in build.gradle.kts
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tasks.register("dumpVersion") {
    doLast {
        val versionFile = file("version.txt")
        versionFile.writeText("""
            Version Code: ${flutter.versionCode}
            Version Name: ${flutter.versionName}
            Min SDK: ${flutter.minSdkVersion}
            Target SDK: ${flutter.targetSdkVersion}
        """.trimIndent())
        println("Version information written to version.txt")
    }
}
Gradle

Gradle 是一種 開源的自動化建置工具（Build Automation Tool），主要用於：

  • 編譯 與 建置（Build）Java、Kotlin、Android 及其他語言的專案。
  • 管理依賴（Dependency Management）。
  • 執行測試、打包發佈（如產生 .jar、.apk）。
  • 任務自動化（如 CI/CD）。
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# install gradle (是何作用)
brew install gradle  # Mac 上安裝 Gradle

gradle --version     # 確保安裝成功
  Welcome to Gradle 8.13!

  Here are the highlights of this release:
  - Daemon JVM auto-provisioning
  - Enhancements for Scala plugin and JUnit testing
  - Improvements for build authors and plugin developers

  For more details see https://docs.gradle.org/8.13/release-notes.html


  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Gradle 8.13
  ------------------------------------------------------------

  Build time:    2025-02-25 09:22:14 UTC
  Revision:      073314332697ba45c16c0a0ce1891fa6794179ff

  Kotlin:        2.0.21
  Groovy:        3.0.22
  Ant:           Apache Ant(TM) version 1.10.15 compiled on August 25 2024
  Launcher JVM:  23.0.2 (Homebrew 23.0.2)
  Daemon JVM:    /opt/homebrew/Cellar/openjdk/23.0.2/libexec/openjdk.jdk/Contents/Home (no JDK specified, using current Java home)
  OS:            Mac OS X 15.3 aarch64

# run 
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % gradle dumpVersion

> Task :app:dumpVersion
Version information written to version.txt

[Incubating] Problems report is available at: file:///Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter-bootcamp-udemy/taskly/build/reports/problems/problems-report.html

Deprecated Gradle features were used in this build, making it incompatible with Gradle 9.0.

You can use '--warning-mode all' to show the individual deprecation warnings and determine if they come from your own scripts or plugins.

For more on this, please refer to https://docs.gradle.org/8.13/userguide/command_line_interface.html#sec:command_line_warnings in the Gradle documentation.

BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 7s
6 actionable tasks: 6 executed

# version.txt(in file)
Version Code: 1
Version Name: 1.0.0
Min SDK: 21
Target SDK: 35

# check gradle by brew
aoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % brew list gradle
/opt/homebrew/Cellar/gradle/8.13/bin/gradle
/opt/homebrew/Cellar/gradle/8.13/libexec/bin/gradle
/opt/homebrew/Cellar/gradle/8.13/libexec/docs/ (11605 files)
/opt/homebrew/Cellar/gradle/8.13/libexec/lib/ (307 files)
/opt/homebrew/Cellar/gradle/8.13/libexec/src/ (10400 files)
/opt/homebrew/Cellar/gradle/8.13/sbom.spdx.json
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % 

# uninsatll gradle
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % brew uninstall gradle
Uninstalling /opt/homebrew/Cellar/gradle/8.13... (22,320 files, 461.5MB)
==> Autoremoving 1 unneeded formula:
openjdk
Uninstalling /opt/homebrew/Cellar/openjdk/23.0.2... (602 files, 337.4MB)

# check uninstall
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % gradle -v            
zsh: command not found: gradle
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % gradle --version                                                     
zsh: command not found: gradle
Gradlew

gradlew 是 Gradle Wrapper（Gradle 包裝工具），它的作用是：

  • 自動下載並管理 Gradle 版本，無需手動安裝 Gradle。
  • 確保團隊成員或 CI/CD 環境使用相同的 Gradle 版本，避免環境差異問題。
  • 允許在沒有安裝 Gradle 的環境中直接執行 Gradle 命令。
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# dump #1
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % ./gradlew dumpVersion                                                  

    Welcome to Gradle 8.10.2!

    Here are the highlights of this release:
    - Support for Java 23
    - Faster configuration cache
    - Better configuration cache reports

    For more details see https://docs.gradle.org/8.10.2/release-notes.html

    Starting a Gradle Daemon, 1 incompatible Daemon could not be reused, use --status for details

    > Configure project :path_provider_android
    Your project is configured with Android NDK 26.3.11579264, but the following plugin(s) depend on a different Android NDK version:
    - path_provider_android requires Android NDK 27.0.12077973
    Fix this issue by using the highest Android NDK version (they are backward compatible).
    Add the following to /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter-bootcamp-udemy/taskly/android/app/build.gradle.kts:

        android {
            ndkVersion = "27.0.12077973"
            ...
        }


    > Task :app:dumpVersion
    Version information written to version.txt

    Deprecated Gradle features were used in this build, making it incompatible with Gradle 9.0.

    You can use '--warning-mode all' to show the individual deprecation warnings and determine if they come from your own scripts or plugins.

    For more on this, please refer to https://docs.gradle.org/8.10.2/userguide/command_line_interface.html#sec:command_line_warnings in the Gradle documentation.

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 15s
    7 actionable tasks: 7 executed

# dump #2
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % ./gradlew dumpVersion
    > Task :app:dumpVersion
    Version information written to version.txt

    Deprecated Gradle features were used in this build, making it incompatible with Gradle 9.0.

    You can use '--warning-mode all' to show the individual deprecation warnings and determine if they come from your own scripts or plugins.

    For more on this, please refer to https://docs.gradle.org/8.10.2/userguide/command_line_interface.html#sec:command_line_warnings in the Gradle documentation.

    BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 1s
    7 actionable tasks: 2 executed, 5 up-to-date

# version.txt(in file)
Version Code: 1
Version Name: 1.0.0
Min SDK: 21
Target SDK: 35
Gradle VS Gradlew 的差別
Gradle (gradle) Gradlew (gradlew)
是否需手動安裝？ 是，需安裝 Gradle 否，自動下載 Gradle
確保版本一致？ 否，需手動安裝相同版本 是，專案內的 gradle-wrapper.properties 會指定版本
適用於 CI/CD？ 不推薦，需預裝 Gradle 推薦，確保環境一致
如何執行？ gradle build ./gradlew build（Linux/macOS）或 gradlew.bat build（Windows）
何時使用 Gradle vs. Gradlew？
  • 開發者環境：如果你已安裝 Gradle，且版本管理不是問題，可以用 gradle。
  • 團隊協作：建議使用 gradlew，確保大家用相同的 Gradle 版本。
  • CI/CD（如 GitHub Actions、Jenkins、GitLab CI）：使用 gradlew 來自動下載對應版本，避免環境不一致問題。
    Gradle (gradle)：手動安裝，適合本地開發但版本管理麻煩。
    Gradlew (gradlew)：專案內管理 Gradle 版本，推薦用於團隊開發與 CI/CD。
    一般來說，建議 優先使用 gradlew，確保環境一致，減少兼容性問題！

Issue

Your project is configured with Android NDK 26.3.11579264

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Launching lib/main.dart on sdk gphone64 arm64 in debug mode...
Your project is configured with Android NDK 26.3.11579264, but the following plugin(s) depend on a different Android NDK version:
- path_provider_android requires Android NDK 27.0.12077973
Fix this issue by using the highest Android NDK version (they are backward compatible).
Add the following to /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter-bootcamp-udemy/taskly/android/app/build.gradle.kts:

    android {
        ndkVersion = "27.0.12077973"
        ...
    }

✓ Built build/app/outputs/flutter-apk/app-debug.apk
I/flutter (28980): [IMPORTANT:flutter/shell/platform/android/android_context_gl_impeller.cc(94)] Using the Impeller rendering backend (OpenGLES).
W/HWUI    (28980): Failed to choose config with EGL_SWAP_BEHAVIOR_PRESERVED, retrying without...
W/HWUI    (28980): Failed to initialize 101010-2 format, error = EGL_SUCCESS
I/Gralloc4(28980): mapper 4.x is not supported
Connecting to VM Service at ws://127.0.0.1:63311/mU9Fz3V7bms=/ws
Connected to the VM Service.
....
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# fix
# build.gradle.kts

android {
    namespace = "com.example.taskly"
    compileSdk = flutter.compileSdkVersion
    // kyp: change
    // ndkVersion = flutter.ndkVersion
    ndkVersion = "27.0.12077973"
    ......
}

# 或許需下以下命令
flutter clean
flutter pub get
flutter pub outdated
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# check ndk version
# android.ndkVersion 用來指定 Android NDK 版本，確保專案與原生 C/C++ 程式碼相容。
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % cat ~/Library/Android/sdk/ndk/*/source.properties 
Pkg.Desc = Android NDK
Pkg.Revision = 26.3.11579264
Pkg.ReleaseName = r26d
Pkg.Desc = Android NDK
Pkg.Revision = 27.0.12077973
Pkg.BaseRevision = 27.0.12077973
Pkg.ReleaseName = r27
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % cat ~/Library/Android/sdk/ndk/*/source.properties | grep Pkg.Revision
Pkg.Revision = 26.3.11579264
Pkg.Revision = 27.0.12077973

flutter_plugin_android_lifecycle requires Android NDK 27.0.12077973

show issue
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Your project is configured with Android NDK 26.3.11579264, but the following plugin(s) depend on a different Android NDK version:
- camera_android_camerax requires Android NDK 27.0.12077973
- firebase_core requires Android NDK 27.0.12077973
- firebase_storage requires Android NDK 27.0.12077973
- flutter_plugin_android_lifecycle requires Android NDK 27.0.12077973
- permission_handler_android requires Android NDK 27.0.12077973
Fix this issue by using the highest Android NDK version (they are backward compatible).
Add the following to /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter/master-flutter-and-dart/programminghub/android/app/build.gradle.kts:

    android {
        ndkVersion = "27.0.12077973"
        ...
    }
change version - android/app/build.gradle.kts
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android {
    namespace = "programming.hub.programminghub"
    compileSdk = flutter.compileSdkVersion
    // kyp: change
    // ndkVersion = flutter.ndkVersion
    ndkVersion = "27.0.12077973"
update package
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gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro programminghub % flutter clean
Cleaning Xcode workspace...                                      1,363ms
Deleting build...                                                   69ms
Deleting .dart_tool...                                               4ms
Deleting Generated.xcconfig...                                       0ms
Deleting flutter_export_environment.sh...                            0ms
Deleting .flutter-plugins-dependencies...                            0ms
Deleting .flutter-plugins...                                         0ms
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro programminghub % flutter pub get
Resolving dependencies... 
Downloading packages... 
  async 2.12.0 (2.13.0 available)
  fake_async 1.3.2 (1.3.3 available)
  leak_tracker 10.0.8 (11.0.1 available)
  leak_tracker_flutter_testing 3.0.9 (3.0.10 available)
  leak_tracker_testing 3.0.1 (3.0.2 available)
  lints 5.1.1 (6.0.0 available)
  material_color_utilities 0.11.1 (0.12.0 available)
  vector_math 2.1.4 (2.1.5 available)
  vm_service 14.3.1 (15.0.0 available)
Got dependencies!
9 packages have newer versions incompatible with dependency constraints.
Try `flutter pub outdated` for more information.
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro programminghub % flutter pub outdated
Showing outdated packages.
[*] indicates versions that are not the latest available.

Package Name                  Current  Upgradable  Resolvable  Latest  

direct dependencies: all up-to-date.

dev_dependencies: all up-to-date.

transitive dependencies:     
async                         *2.12.0  *2.12.0     *2.12.0     2.13.0  
fake_async                    *1.3.2   *1.3.2      *1.3.2      1.3.3   
leak_tracker                  *10.0.8  *10.0.8     *10.0.8     11.0.1  
leak_tracker_flutter_testing  *3.0.9   *3.0.9      *3.0.9      3.0.10  
leak_tracker_testing          *3.0.1   *3.0.1      *3.0.1      3.0.2   
material_color_utilities      *0.11.1  *0.11.1     *0.11.1     0.12.0  
vector_math                   *2.1.4   *2.1.4      *2.1.4      2.1.5   
vm_service                    *14.3.1  *14.3.1     *14.3.1     15.0.0  

transitive dev_dependencies: 
lints                         *5.1.1   *5.1.1      *5.1.1      6.0.0   
all dependencies are up-to-date.
gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro programminghub % cat ~/Library/Android/sdk/ndk/*/source.properties | grep Pkg.Revision
Pkg.Revision = 26.3.11579264
Pkg.Revision = 27.0.12077973
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FAILURE: Build failed with an exception.

* What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':app:processDebugGoogleServices'.
> File google-services.json is missing. 
  The Google Services Plugin cannot function without it. 
  Searched locations: /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter/master-flutter-and-dart/programminghub/android/app/src/debug/google-services.json, /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter/master-flutter-and-dart/programminghub/android/app/src/debug/google-services.json, /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter/master-flutter-and-dart/programminghub/android/app/src/google-services.json, /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter/master-flutter-and-dart/programminghub/android/app/src/debug/google-services.json, /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter/master-flutter-and-dart/programminghub/android/app/src/Debug/google-services.json, /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter/master-flutter-and-dart/programminghub/android/app/google-services.json

* Try:
> Run with --stacktrace option to get the stack trace.
> Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output.
> Run with --scan to get full insights.
> Get more help at https://help.gradle.org.

BUILD FAILED in 5s
Error: Gradle task assembleDebug failed with exit code 1

Exited (1).

# copy google-services.json to android/app/
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warning: [options] source value 8 is obsolete and will be removed in a future release
warning: [options] target value 8 is obsolete and will be removed in a future release
warning: [options] To suppress warnings about obsolete options, use -Xlint:-options.
3 warnings
warning: [options] source value 8 is obsolete and will be removed in a future release
warning: [options] target value 8 is obsolete and will be removed in a future release
warning: [options] To suppress warnings about obsolete options, use -Xlint:-options.
3 warnings
e: file:///Users/gaoyiping/.gradle/caches/8.10.2/transforms/9b018e3170113d6fc57578a6d48cd669/transformed/jetified-play-services-measurement-impl-22.4.0-api.jar!/META-INF/java.com.google.android.gms.libs.filecompliance.proto_file_access_api_type_kt_proto_lite.kotlin_moduleModule was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 2.1.0, expected version is 1.8.0.
e: file:///Users/gaoyiping/.gradle/caches/8.10.2/transforms/9b018e3170113d6fc57578a6d48cd669/transformed/jetified-play-services-measurement-impl-22.4.0-api.jar!/META-INF/third_party.kotlin.protobuf.src.commonMain.kotlin.com.google.protobuf.kotlin_only_for_use_in_proto_generated_code_its_generator_and_tests.kotlin_moduleModule was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 2.1.0, expected version is 1.8.0.
e: file:///Users/gaoyiping/.gradle/caches/8.10.2/transforms/9b018e3170113d6fc57578a6d48cd669/transformed/jetified-play-services-measurement-impl-22.4.0-api.jar!/META-INF/third_party.kotlin.protobuf.src.commonMain.kotlin.com.google.protobuf.kotlin_shared_runtime.kotlin_moduleModule was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 2.1.0, expected version is 1.8.0.
e: file:///Users/gaoyiping/.gradle/caches/8.10.2/transforms/d46efa473af2ff731cfae5ea2010b3f1/transformed/jetified-play-services-measurement-api-22.4.0-api.jar!/META-INF/java.com.google.android.gmscore.integ.client.measurement_api_measurement_api.kotlin_moduleModule was compiled with an incompatible version of Kotlin. The binary version of its metadata is 2.1.0, expected version is 1.8.0.

FAILURE: Build failed with an exception.

* What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':app:compileDebugKotlin'.
> A failure occurred while executing org.jetbrains.kotlin.compilerRunner.GradleCompilerRunnerWithWorkers$GradleKotlinCompilerWorkAction
   > Compilation error. See log for more details

* Try:
> Run with --stacktrace option to get the stack trace.
> Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output.
> Run with --scan to get full insights.
> Get more help at https://help.gradle.org.

BUILD FAILED in 16s

┌─ Flutter Fix ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ [!] Your project requires a newer version of the Kotlin Gradle plugin.                           │
│ Find the latest version on https://kotlinlang.org/docs/releases.html#release-details, then       │
│ update the                                                                                       │
│ version number of the plugin with id "org.jetbrains.kotlin.android" in the plugins block of      │
│ /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter/master-flutter-and-dart/programminghub/android/settings.gradle │
│ .                                                                                                │
│                                                                                                  │
│ Alternatively (if your project was created before Flutter 3.19), update                          │
│ /Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter/master-flutter-and-dart/programminghub/android/build.gradle    │
│ ext.kotlin_version = '<latest-version>'                                                          │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Error: Gradle task assembleDebug failed with exit code 1

Exited (1).

android/settings.gradle

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plugins {
    id("dev.flutter.flutter-plugin-loader") version "1.0.0"
    id("com.android.application") version "8.7.0" apply false
    // kyp: change
    // id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.android") version "1.8.22" apply false
    id "org.jetbrains.kotlin.android" version "2.1.0" apply false
}
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gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro programminghub % flutter clean
Cleaning Xcode workspace...                                      1,109ms

# 如果存在
rm -rf build/

gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro programminghub % rm -rf ~/.gradle/caches/

gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % ./gradlew clean
``

``` bash
# close vscode

# 執行以下指令來結束所有 Gradle 後台程序
pkill -f '.*GradleDaemon.*'

# 手動清除所有殘留資料
rm -rf ~/.gradle
rm -rf ~/.android/build-cache
rm -rf .dart_tool
rm -rf build
rm -rf android/.gradle

# 重新下載並初始化建構依賴
flutter pub get

# android 資料夾執行
./gradlew clean
./gradlew build --refresh-dependencies

有以下設定

android/settings.gradle.kts

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pluginManagement {
    val flutterSdkPath = run {
        val properties = java.util.Properties()
        file("local.properties").inputStream().use { properties.load(it) }
        val flutterSdkPath = properties.getProperty("flutter.sdk")
        require(flutterSdkPath != null) { "flutter.sdk not set in local.properties" }
        flutterSdkPath
    }

    includeBuild("$flutterSdkPath/packages/flutter_tools/gradle")

    repositories {
        google()
        mavenCentral()
        gradlePluginPortal()
    }
}

plugins {
    // kyp: change
    // id("dev.flutter.flutter-plugin-loader") version "1.0.0"
    id("dev.flutter.flutter-plugin-loader") apply false
    id("com.android.application") version "8.7.0" apply false
    // kyp: change
    // id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.android") version "1.8.22" apply false
    id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.android") version "2.1.0" apply false
}

include(":app")
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gaoyiping@gaoyipingdeMacBook-Pro android % ./gradlew build --refresh-dependencies

> Task :app:compileDebugKotlin FAILED
e: file:///Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter/master-flutter-and-dart/programminghub/android/app/src/main/kotlin/programming/hub/programminghub/MainActivity.kt:3:8 Unresolved reference 'io'.
e: file:///Users/gaoyiping/work/git/flutter/master-flutter-and-dart/programminghub/android/app/src/main/kotlin/programming/hub/programminghub/MainActivity.kt:5:22 Unresolved reference 'FlutterActivity'.

FAILURE: Build failed with an exception.

* What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':app:compileDebugKotlin'.
> A failure occurred while executing org.jetbrains.kotlin.compilerRunner.GradleCompilerRunnerWithWorkers$GradleKotlinCompilerWorkAction
   > Compilation error. See log for more details

* Try:
> Run with --stacktrace option to get the stack trace.
> Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output.
> Run with --scan to get full insights.
> Get more help at https://help.gradle.org.

BUILD FAILED in 54s
33 actionable tasks: 27 executed, 6 up-to-date

#修正,加大括號
android/app/src/main/kotlin/programming/hub/programminghub/MainActivity.kt

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package programming.hub.programminghub

import io.flutter.embedding.android.FlutterActivity

class MainActivity : FlutterActivity() {
    
}
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rm -rf ~/.gradle/caches/
rm -rf android/.gradle

flutter clean
flutter pub get
flutter build apk

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# 清除 Flutter 專案產生的暫存檔案與建置目錄
flutter clean
# 根據 pubspec.yaml 內容，自動下載並安裝 Dart/Flutter 專案所需的所有套件依賴，並將其存放在 .pub-cache 隱藏目錄
flutter pub get
# 將 Flutter 專案編譯並打包成 Android 的 APK 安裝檔，可直接安裝到 Android 裝置或發佈到 Google Play 商店
# flutter build apk：預設為 release 版本（正式發佈用）。
# flutter build apk --debug：建立 debug 版本 APK，供開發測試用。
# flutter build apk --profile：建立 profile 版本 APK，供效能分析。
# flutter build apk --split-per-abi：針對不同 CPU 架構分別打包，減少單一 APK 檔案大小。
# 打包完成後，APK 檔案通常位於 build/app/outputs/apk/release/ 目錄
flutter build apk

# 查看詳細錯誤日誌
flutter build apk --release --verbose


rm -rf ~/.gradle
flutter clean
flutter pub get
./gradlew clean
flutter build apk

flutter clean
flutter pub get
cd android
./gradlew clean --refresh-dependencies
cd ..
flutter build apk

Other

flutter map to Android version

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# Kotlin file build.gradle.kts
defaultConfig {
    applicationId = "com.example.taskly"
    minSdk = flutter.minSdkVersion        // 最低支援 Android API
    targetSdk = flutter.targetSdkVersion  // 目標 Android API
    versionCode = flutter.versionCode
    versionName = flutter.versionName
}

# dump 
# version.txt(in file)
Version Code: 1
Version Name: 1.0.0
Min SDK: 21      --> Android 5.0
Target SDK: 35   --> Android 14 (Upside Down Cake) 的後續版本

Android map to API Level

Android 版本 API Level 發佈年份
Android 15 35 2024
Android 14 34 2023
Android 13 33 2022
Android 12L 32 2022
Android 12 31 2021
Android 11 30 2020
Android 10 29 2019
Android 9 28 2018
Android 8.1 27 2017
Android 8.0 26 2017
Android 7.1 25 2016
Android 7.0 24 2016
Android 6.0 23 2015
Android 5.1 22 2015
Android 5.0 21 2014
Android 4.4W 20 2014
Android 4.4 19 2013
Android 4.3 18 2013
Android 4.2 17 2012
Android 4.1 16 2012
Android 4.0.3 - 4.0.4 15 2011
Android 4.0.1 - 4.0.2 14 2011
Android 3.2 13 2011
Android 3.1 12 2011
Android 3.0 11 2011
Android 2.3.3 - 2.3.7 10 2011
Android 2.3 - 2.3.2 9 2010
Android 2.2 8 2010
Android 2.1 7 2010
Android 2.0.1 6 2009
Android 2.0 5 2009
Android 1.6 4 2009
Android 1.5 3 2009
Android 1.1 2 2009
Android 1.0 1 2008

reference